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Quantum Restricted Boltzmann Machine (QRBM)

The Quantum Restricted Boltzmann Machine uses quantum annealing on Dynex to sample from the RBM’s probability distribution. During training, the quantum sampler replaces the classical Gibbs sampler, leveraging quantum tunneling to escape local minima and find better solutions.

How it works

  1. Initialize visible and hidden unit weights
  2. Positive phase — clamp visible units to training data, compute hidden activations
  3. Negative phase — use Dynex quantum annealing to sample from model distribution (replaces classical Gibbs sampling)
  4. Update weights using contrastive divergence: ΔW = lr * (⟨vh⟩_data - ⟨vh⟩_model)
  5. Repeat for all training batches

Installation

PyTorch RBM with Dynex

Mode-assisted QRBM (PyTorch)

The mode-assisted variant uses Dynex to find the mode (most probable state) of the hidden distribution rather than sampling:
Mode-assisted QRBM notebook

Notebooks

Scientific background

  • Dixit et al. (2021). “Training Restricted Boltzmann Machines With a D-Wave Quantum Annealer.” Front. Phys. 9:589626
  • Manukian et al. (2020). “Mode-assisted unsupervised learning of restricted Boltzmann machines.” Communications Physics 3:105
  • Neumann (2024). “Advancements in Unsupervised Learning: Mode-Assisted QRBM.” IJBIC 3(1):91–103
  • Sleeman et al. (2020). “A Hybrid Quantum enabled RBM Advantage.” Defense + Commercial Sensing